【词汇突破】

　　【第一段】

　　pay rise / pay raise 加薪： a 4% pay raise 4%的加薪

　　vanish /5vAnIF/ v [I] 突然不见;消失：All thoughts of romance vanished from his mind. 他脑海中所有浪漫的想法都消失了。

　　slack /slAk/ v [I] 懈怠; 懒散： Stop slacking and back to work. 别偷懒了， 快回去工作。

　　outrage /5aUtreIdV/ v [T] (常用于被动语态)激怒，引起……的义愤：She was outraged by his behavior. 他的行为使她感到愤怒。

　　underlying /7QndE(r)5laIIN/ adj在下面的;潜在的：an underlying meaning / assumption 潜在的意义 / 假设

　　grievance /5gri:vns/ n [C, U] 不满; 不平：There must be an opportunity for both sides to air their grievances. 一定要有一个机会让双方都说出心中的不满。

　　【第二段】

　　capuchin /5kApju:tFIN/ n [C] 卷尾猴

　　readily /5redIli/ adv乐意地; 欣然地： He readily aGREed to help. 他欣然同意帮忙。

　　counterpart /5kaUntEpB:t/ n [C] 相对应的人、物：The women’s shoe, like its male counterpart, is specifically designed for the serious tennis player. 像同类的男式鞋一样， 这种女式鞋是专为认真从事网球运动的人设计的。

　　【第三段】

　　candidate /5kAndIdEt/ n [C] 候选人：There was no suitable candidate for the position. 这个职位没有合适的候选人。

　　token /5tEUkEn/ n [C] 代币： railway tokens地铁代币

　　slice /slaIs/ n [C] 薄片;小片： She cut a thin slice of potato. 她切下一薄片土豆。

　　adjoining /E5dVRInIN/ adj邻接的;隔壁的：We asked for adjoining rooms. 我们要相邻的房间。

　　chamber /5tFeImbE(r)/ n [C] 室;房间：These two chambers were used as a shelter for the soldiers in WW II. 二战期间， 这两个房间曾是士兵们的落脚点。

　　markedly /5mB:kIdli/ adv清楚地;显著地：He was markedly more pleasant than before. 他比以前和气多了。

　　【第四段】

　　in exchange(for sth)作为……的交换： He is giving her French lessons in exchange for Spanish lessons. 他教她法语， 她教他西班牙语作为交换。

　　reluctant /rI5lQktEnt/ adj不情愿的; 勉强的： I was reluctant to pay what they demanded. 我不情愿付他们要求的钱。

　　mere /mIE(r)/ adj 仅仅; 只： The shirt costs a mere twenty dollars. 这件衬衫只要20美元。

　　toss /tCs/ v [T] 轻轻地(或随意地)扔，抛，掷： She tossed me a box of matches. 她扔给我一盒火柴。

　　induce /In5dju:s/ v [T] 导致; 促使： None of these measures induced a change of policy. 这些措施中没有一项引起政策变化。

　　resentment /rI5zentmEnt/ n [U] 愤恨; 怨恨： He feels a deep resentment towards his parents for his miserable childhood. 对于自己悲惨的童年， 他对他的父母怀有深深的怨恨。

　　【第五段】

　　righteous /5raItFEs/ adj正直的; 正义的; 正当的： a righteous judgment 公正的判决

　　indignation /7IndIg5neIFn/ n [U] 愤怒;义愤;愤慨： She turned to him in indignation. 她愤怒地转身对着他。

　　preserve /prI5z\:v/ n [C] (某人或某团体)特有的活动： Sailing is increasingly popular, and no longer the preserve of the rich. 帆船运动越来越流行了，而且也不再是有钱人独享的活动。

　　abundantly clear非常明显的;很明白的：He has made it abundantly clear that he expects results. 他已经很明白地表示， 他等着看结果。

　　evolve /I5vClv/ v [I, T] (用于指有机体或生物特征)进化，演化：We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. [2000 Text 2] 我们没有得到进化，因为机器和社会代替我们进化了。

　　as yet (多用于否定)迄今，到目前为止(还未发生或完成)： A deal is still being worked out, but as yet nothing is finalized. 协议尚在制定中， 但迄今什么都还没定下来。

　　【选项词汇】

　　pose /pEUz/ v [T] 形成;构成：The sheer number of visitors is posing a threat to the area. 仅观光者的人数就给该地区构成了威胁。

　　justify /5dVQstIfaI/ v [T] 论证或证明……正当、正确或有效：The person appointed has fully justified our confidence. 被任命的人已经充分证明我们的信心是正确的。

　　rival /5raIvl/ n [C] 竞争对手;匹敌者：The company is well equipped to compete with its international rivals. 这个公司条件优越， 足以和国际对手竞争。

　　temperament /5temprEmEnt/ n [C, U]气质;性情;性格：He doesn’t have the right temperament for the job. 他的性格不适合这份工作。

　　【句式分析】

　　① Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption

　　主语 谓语 主语补足语 伴随状语

　　that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.

　　同位语从句

　　本句的主干结构为Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”...，主语such behaviour指代上文提到的“人们因加薪不公平而愤怒”。with结构为伴随状语，其中that引导的同位语从句解释说明assumption的具体内容。在该从句中，other animals为主语，would not be 为谓语，capable of... grievance为表语，名词短语this finely developed sense of grievance为介词of的宾语。

　　② However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers,

　　转折副词 时间状语从句

　　so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock,

　　结果状语从句

　　their behaviour became markedly different.

　　主语 谓语 表语

　　本句的主干结构为...their behaviour became markedly different。句首为when引导的时间状语从句，介词短语in separate but adjoining chambers在该从句中作地点状语。该时间状语从句中嵌套一个由so that引导的结果状语从句，此结果状语从句中又包含一个由what引导的从句，充当谓语could observe的宾语。

　　③ And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all,

　　连词 条件状语从句

　　the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or

　　主语 谓语1 宾语1 状语

　　refused to accept the slice of cucumber.

　　谓语2 宾语2

　　该句的主干部分为...the other either tossed her own token... or refused to accept...，该句包含由either...or结构连接的两个谓语结构。第一个谓语结构中，介词短语at the researcher和out of the chamber充当状语;第二个谓语结构中，refused为谓语，不定式结构to accept the slice of cucumber作宾语。句首是由if引导的条件状语从句，其中介词without引导的结构作伴随状语。

　　④ However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins

　　转折副词 主语从句1

　　and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 选择连词 主语从句2

　　million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

　　主语从句2 谓语 表语

　　本句为主系表结构，主语部分由两个并列的主语从句充当，两个主语从句均由whether引导。主语从句2的主语为代词it，指代前一主语从句中提到的a sense of fairness，the common ancestor后紧跟由that引导的定语从句，对先行词进行修饰。