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　　①Everybody loves a fat pay rise. ②Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. ③Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. ④Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. ⑤But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.

　　①The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. ②They look cute. ③They are good-natured, cooperative creatures, and they share their food readily. ④Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.

　　①Such charACTeristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. ②The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. ③Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. ④However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.

　　①In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). ②So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. ③And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. ④Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an ACTual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.

　　①The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. ②In the wild, they are a cooperative, group-living species. ③Such cooperation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. ④Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. ⑤Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. ⑥However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

　　21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by __________.

　　[A] posing a contrast

　　[B] justifying an assumption

　　[C] making a comparison

　　[D] explaining a phenomenon

　　22. The statement “it is all too monkey”(Line 7, Paragraph 1) implies that __________.

　　[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals

　　[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature

　　[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other

　　[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions

　　23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are __________.

　　[A] more inclined to weigh what they get

　　[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions

　　[C] nice in both appearance and temperament

　　[D] more generous than their male companions

　　24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys __________.

　　[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers

　　[B] can be taught to exchange things

　　[C] will not be cooperative if feeling cheated

　　[D] are unhappy when separated from others

　　25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?

　　[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.

　　[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.

　　[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.

　　[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.

　　【答案速查】

　　21. C 22. B 23. A 24. C 25. B

　　【试题透析】

　　21. C

　　[解题思路] 根据题干关键词In the opening paragraph可定位至文章第一段。第一段句①至句③举出一个鲜明的例子： 人人都爱加薪， 但是当知道某个同事比自己加得多时， 加薪的喜悦就会荡然无存。尤其是比自己懒的同事却加得比自己多时， 这种情绪甚至会变成愤怒。句④则总结， 这种现象通常被认为是人之常情(all too human)，言下之意是除了人类以外， 其他动物是没有此种意识的(with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance)。句⑤则与句④形成转折，指出近期科学家的研究表明，这种公平意识猴子们也具有(all too monkey)。由此可知，作者通过将猴子与人作比较，找出他们的相似之处，从而提出文章的主题。并且文中的all too human与all too monkey的呼应突出了相似性的比较。选项[C] 正确。

　　[干扰排除]“对比”是指将两事物对照以显出它们之间的差异，而本文是将猴子与人类的相似之处进行比较，故排除选项[A]。首段中出现了一种假设，即公平意识是人类所独有的，而作者在句⑤的转折中推翻了这一假设，故排除选项[B]。文中提到了人类对加薪不公的不满现象，但并未就此进行解释，也未就此引出主题，而只是以此来与动物的行为进行比较， 故排除选项[D] 。

　　22. B

　　[解题思路] 题干中all too monkey出现在第一段最后一句，由本段句④的all too human衍生而来，第一段句①至句④由人类因加薪不公引起的愤怒，说明公平意识是人类特有的(all too human)。紧接着句⑤指出研究表明， 这种意识也是猴子所具有的(it is all too monkey， 其中代词it指代前句中出现的this finely developed sense of grievance)，由此可知猴子也像人类一样具有类似的情绪，选项[B]正确。

　　[干扰排除] 选项[A]中的are outraged by slack rivals在第一段句③中有类似表述， 是在说明人类具有公平意识时所举的具体事例， 但无法推知这是否适用于猴子， 而且这也不是作者通过比较要表达的主题。选项[C]迷惑性较强，但“嫉妒”与文中反复提到的“因不公平而产生的愤怒”不是同一概念，因此排除选项[C]。本文将猴子与人类作比较，说明猴子也会因不公平而感到愤怒，但至于其他动物是否具有这种情感则无从推知，因此排除选项[D]。

　　23. A

　　[解题思路] 根据题干问题可定位至第三段首句，such charACTeristics make them perfect candidates for... study，其中such charACTeristics 指第二段提到的雌性卷尾猴的一系列特征：它们可爱(cute)，性情温和(good-natured)， 善于合作(cooperative)，乐于分享(share their food readily)，但最重要的是(above all)，它们往往更关注“商品与服务”的价值(pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services”)。由此可知，雌性卷尾猴能成为研究对象的最重要原因是它们更喜欢权衡它们所得到的东西， 因此选项[A]正确。

　　[干扰排除] 选项[B]中attentive to researchers’ instructions是对第二段句④pay much closer attention to的曲解，文中是指雌性卷尾猴更关注“商品与服务”的价值，而不是指它们注意听从研究者的指令。选项[C]在第二段句②(They look cute)和句③(They are good-natured)中被提到，但不是雌性卷尾猴成为研究对象最重要的原因。选项[D]利用句③中share their food readily(乐于分享)设置干扰，但文中并没有将雌雄卷尾猴的慷慨程度进行比较，并且这一特征也不是其成为研究对象的最重要原因， 故排除。

　　24. C

　　[解题思路] 通读全文可知，文章第一段引出主题，第二段至第四段介绍研究的具体过程， 最后一段总结研究结果。该题就研究者的最终结论提问，因此，可定位至文章最后一段。最后一段句③提到猴群在野外的合作，只有在每个个体都觉得自己没有被欺骗的条件下才可能保持稳定(Such cooperation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated)。选项 [C] 是对该信息点的同义改写， 为答案。

　　[干扰排除] 由第四段句①可知，选项[A]是实验进行的一个前提，而不是实验的最终结论。由第三段句②可知，教会猴子交换东西也是实验得以进行的前提，而非最终结论，故排除选项[B]。原文第三段句④讲到，当两只猴子被分隔在两个房间中，如果看到对方与自己所换取的食物不同，情绪就会发生变化。第四段具体描述了发现自己换取的食物不如对方的食物时，雌性卷尾猴所表现的怨恨情绪。可见，猴子不高兴的原因并不是与其他猴子分开， 选项[D]不符合文意，故排除。

　　25. B

　　[解题思路] 根据题干可定位至最后一段(last paragraph)。最后一段末句指出，这种公平的意识究竟是人类或卷尾猴各自进化而来的(such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans)，还是起源于二者3500万年前共同的祖先(it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago)，至今尚不可知(is, as yet, an unanswered question)，选项[B]与原文内容相符， 故为答案。

　　[干扰排除] 选项[A]中的social emotions在最后一段首句中出现， 该句指出猴子跟人类一样受社会情感的支配(capuchin monkeys, like human, are guided by social emotions)。文章第一段也指出，猴子和人一样，这种社会情感(公平意识)是天性，而不是通过后天训练而形成的，故排除选项[A]。本文的研究对象是猴子， 而非所有动物，故排除选项[C]。选项[D] 是对末段句②、③的曲解，该处提到猴子在野外是具有合作性、喜群居的动物，但是这种合作只有在每个个体都觉得未被欺骗时才有可能维持稳定(only when each animal feels it is not being cheated)， 故排除选项[D]。