List of heading –TIGER PAPER

2015-05-08 来源: 作者: CSXDFMI


平时在上课的过程中,总是有很多同学抱怨list of heading太容易错了。而且有时候无法找到对应段落,做的很慢。今天我就针对List of heading这种最让考生头疼的题型,那么今天让我们从文章结构和段落结构两个方面找找背后的原因以及应对方法。


在阐述段落结构和文章结构之前,我们需要明白,中西方思维的差别。


相信大家都看到过,小四的小说,经常出现,两个字一句话,五个字一段话,经常觉得看的心好累。这是因为中国人的思维是螺旋式的,喜欢转弯和暗藏深意。但是外国人就不一样,他们思维是直线式的。


很重视文章内部的逻辑,比如素有美国高考之称的SAT 和 英国高考A-LEVEL,都非常重视对学生逻辑考察。所以外国人写的文章,段落结构通常比较有特点,有明显逻辑规律可循。那么如果熟练掌握了段落结构类型和文章结构类型,不在List of heading 时候提高准确率而且节省时间,也能从本质上提高我们的阅读水平。


首先是段落结构类型


第一种:总分式结构。


如剑8 Test 4 Passage 1 Section D


Lessons all follow the same pattern. At the beginning, the pupils put solutions to the homework on the board, then the teachers comment, correct or elaborate as necessary. Pupils mark their own homework: this is an important principle in Japanese schooling as it enables pupils to see where and why they made a mistake, so that these can be avoided in future. No one minds mistakes or ignorance as long as you are prepared


to learn from them.  After the homework has been discussed, the teacher explains the topic of  the lesson, slowly and with a lot of repetition and elaboration.  Examples are demonstrated on the board; questions from the textbook are worked through first with the class, and then…Only rarely are supplementary worksheets distributed in a math class. The impression is that the logical nature of the textbooks and …renders work sheets unnecessary. At this point, the teacher would circulate and make sure that all the pupils were copying well.


分析:此段属于明显的总分式结构,第一句“Lessons all follow the same pattern”统领整个段落,然后分别用“At the beginning”和“then” “After the homework has been discussed”为信号,解说整个课堂的授课流程。


第二种:转折式结构(出现转折词或相应表达,把思路逆转)


如剑6 Test 2 Passage 1 Section B(出现转折词)


In the UK, travel times to work had been stable for at least six centuries, with people avoiding situations that required them to spend more than half an hour travelling to work. Trains and cars initially allowed people to live at GREater distances without taking longer to reach their destination. However, public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl,causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher.


分析:此段属于典型的转折式结构,用“However”作为信号词,把思路逆转,转折后的内容为本段的重点内容。


再如剑6 Test 4 Passage 1 Paragraph E(出现相应表达把思路逆转)


But the sales push rarely stops in the office. The flashy brochures and pamphlets left by the sales reps are often followed up with meals at expensive restaurants, meetings in warm and sunny places, and an inundation of promotional gadgets. Rarely do patients watch a doctor write with a pen that isn’t emblazoned with a drug’s name, or see a nurse use a tablet not bearing a pharmaceutical company’s logo. Millions of dollars are spent by pharmaceutical companies on promotional products like coffee mugs…Money well spent? It’s hard to tell. ‘I’ve been the recipient of golf balls from one company and I use them, but it doesn’t make me prescribe their medicine,’ says one doctor. ’I tend to think I’m not influenced by what they give me.’


分析:此段也属于典型的转折式结构,但段落中并未出现明显的转折词,而是用“Money well spent? It’s hard to tell.”作为信号,通过意义上的转折,把思路逆转,转折后的内容为本段的重点内容。


第三种:并列结构(附加新的信息,即信息之间为并列关系)


如剑6 Test 4 Passage 3 Paragraph B


Bullying is clearly unpleasant, and can make the child experiencing it feel unworthy and depressed. In extreme cases it can even lead to suicide, though this is thankfully rare. Victimized pupils are more likely to experience difficulties with interpersonal relationships as adults, while children who persistently bully are more likely to grow up to be physically violent, and convinced of anti-social offences.


分析:此段属于典型的并列式结构,段落中的三句话分别用“make”、“lead to”、“be more likely to”从不同方面讲解bullying对孩子的影响,属于并列信息。这种段落结构考生只要根据信息之间的共同点来归纳段落大意即可。


第四种:分总式结构


如剑6 Test 4 Passage 1 C段


Selling pharmaceuticals is a daily exercise in ethical judgment. Salespeople like Schaefer walk the line between the common prACTice of buying a prospect’stime with a free meal, and bribing doctors to prescribe their drugs. They work n an industry highly criticized for its sales and marketing prACTices, but find themselves in the middle of the age-old chicken-or-egg question – business won’t use strategies that don’t work, so are doctors to blame for the escalating extravagance of pharmaceutical marketing? Or is it the industry’s responsibility to decide the boundaries?

分析:此段属于典型的分总式结构,段落前面部分讲了很多信息,但在后面部分用信号词“so”做了归纳总结,而归纳总结的内容才是本段最重要的内容。


还有总分总  分总分 基本都可以归类为第一种和第四种。只要找到关键的逻辑词,就可以帮助我们判断段落结构类型,然后明确段落结构类型之后,就知道那句是主题句和中心意思,那么做题就更加快准了


有时候我们不仅要知道段落结构类型,而且还要知道文章结构类型,帮助我们在读题之后快速定位,进一步节约我们时间。


具体的文章结构类型:


I. 介绍说明类的文章


这一类文章通常是对某个事物或现象进行的客观描述或介绍,一般考生可以通过其标题来进行判断。具体的结构如下:


i. Introduce an object or a fACT


ii. Detailed descriptions


iii. Significance


无论什么文章,首段通常都是引出主题,用客观描述性的语言来介绍,或者从背景部分切入,之后便是对该事物的具体展开描述了:事情的发展顺序,某个东西的具体特征介绍等等;最后结尾部分通常对该事物所带来了意义进行说明。如剑桥5T1P1 Johnson’s Dictionary, 在前三段交代完约翰逊字典出现的背景后,中间部分侧重交代字典的准备过程和具体的特征介绍,最后的部分描述了该字典给那个时代的社会,国家以及Johnson本人带来的重大意义。


II. 问题解决类的文章


关于问题解决类的文章,在雅思阅读中出现的频率很高,而且具体的结构相对更加固定,其结构如下:


i. Introduce a phenomenon or a problem


ii. Causes


iii. Effects


iv. Measures or future


这一类的文章倾向的是介绍一些消极负面的环境自然类问题,警惕世人引起大家的关注,因此它的几个构成要素也跟明确。同样先引出主题,之后对该现象进行原因分析,影响分析(通常是负面的影响),鉴于严重的消极影响该采取的相应措施被提出,但如果有的问题暂时没有对策,还有待解决,作者就寄希望于未来。


当你对这种文章类型烂熟于心的时候,当碰到剑桥5T4P1的list of headings就能迅速又准确得解答出来。该文章一共10段,分成section A, B, C, 对应的考题是list of headings, 即找出三个小标题分别给A, B, C三个部分。按考试标准时间只有4-5分钟,但考生却要读完整篇文章10段才能解答出三道题,时间上和效率上都是很难达到要求的。这时,大家可以考虑用文章的结构来解题。该文章的标题是The ImpACT of Wilderness Tourism, 不难发现该文章是在描述野外旅游给环境带来的负面影响。于是按照上面的具体结构,考生就能快速抓住文章的要点,即原因,影响及措施。题目给出的6个选项中大家能快速的发现这三个选项:


ii. How local communities can balance their own needs with the demands of wilderness tourism.

iii. Fragile regions and the reasons for the expansion of tourism there.


v. Some of the disruptive effects of wilderness tourism.


最后按原因,影响,措施的顺序进行排序即可。


III. 实验结果类的文章


第三类文章的具体结构是最为固定的,毕竟实验的过程还是讲究顺序的,如下:


i. Introduce an experiment and its purpose


ii. Subject, methods


iii. Process


iv. Result


v. Analysis


vi. Conclusion


实验类的文章必定先介绍实验的目的,具体受试者和相关要素,然后进入实验的具体过程,最后到最关键的部分,就是对数据的描述和分析,从而得出结论。剑桥真题系列上的是实验类文章几乎都是这样固定的结构。如剑桥5T1P2 Nature or Nurture? 通过阅读每段的首句不难梳理出全篇文章的结构:A段引出实验并介绍实验的目的。B段介绍实验的受试者和相关的准备信息。C段是实验的具体过程。D和E段是数据结果(一个是期望的结果,一个是实际的结果)。FGH三段分别从不同的角度来分析这些结果。最后一段I得出结论. 、


还有剑桥5,Test 3的第一篇Early Childhood Education 这一篇典型的实验研究类文章通过对于文章各段的大致浏览,考生可以了解到文章主要是讲述Headstart 及 Missouri 两个实验。开始描述了实验的目的及实验主体;紧接着介绍了两个实验的具体进程;之后是实验的结果及相关的结论。在了解了文章的大致行文结构之后,对于考生的解题也是有相当的帮助的。特别是考生比较头疼的“段落信息包含题”,即文章1-4的Which paragraph contains the following information? 拿其中的第4题举个例子,‘a description of the positive outcomes of an education programme’, 题目当中既然出现了‘outcomes’这样的词,那么根据正常行文的结构,一定是出现在文章的最后部分的。


再如剑桥5 test 3 passage 3中,命题是:how AI might have a military impACT. 根据该文章的标题:The Return o f Artificial Intelligence可知,关于命题中AI在军事上的影响应该放在靠后的段落进行说明,那么你的选择范围至少缩小的一半。若没有针对性的全篇覆盖,即使做出题,也是严重超时。


所以无论是段落结构和文章结构都是非常重要的,只有读懂了文章机构和段落结构,才叫真正抓到了文章的灵魂。在平时我们就要注意训练我们这样的读书方法,用一种全局观念去分析文章,才能真正提高我们的阅读水平。而且在考试中也更加如鱼得水。


编辑推荐阅读:List of Headings题解题方法


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List of heading –TIGER PAPER
2015-05-08 来源: 作者: CSXDFMI


平时在上课的过程中,总是有很多同学抱怨list of heading太容易错了。而且有时候无法找到对应段落,做的很慢。今天我就针对List of heading这种最让考生头疼的题型,那么今天让我们从文章结构和段落结构两个方面找找背后的原因以及应对方法。


在阐述段落结构和文章结构之前,我们需要明白,中西方思维的差别。


相信大家都看到过,小四的小说,经常出现,两个字一句话,五个字一段话,经常觉得看的心好累。这是因为中国人的思维是螺旋式的,喜欢转弯和暗藏深意。但是外国人就不一样,他们思维是直线式的。


很重视文章内部的逻辑,比如素有美国高考之称的SAT 和 英国高考A-LEVEL,都非常重视对学生逻辑考察。所以外国人写的文章,段落结构通常比较有特点,有明显逻辑规律可循。那么如果熟练掌握了段落结构类型和文章结构类型,不在List of heading 时候提高准确率而且节省时间,也能从本质上提高我们的阅读水平。


首先是段落结构类型


第一种:总分式结构。


如剑8 Test 4 Passage 1 Section D


Lessons all follow the same pattern. At the beginning, the pupils put solutions to the homework on the board, then the teachers comment, correct or elaborate as necessary. Pupils mark their own homework: this is an important principle in Japanese schooling as it enables pupils to see where and why they made a mistake, so that these can be avoided in future. No one minds mistakes or ignorance as long as you are prepared


to learn from them.  After the homework has been discussed, the teacher explains the topic of  the lesson, slowly and with a lot of repetition and elaboration.  Examples are demonstrated on the board; questions from the textbook are worked through first with the class, and then…Only rarely are supplementary worksheets distributed in a math class. The impression is that the logical nature of the textbooks and …renders work sheets unnecessary. At this point, the teacher would circulate and make sure that all the pupils were copying well.


分析:此段属于明显的总分式结构,第一句“Lessons all follow the same pattern”统领整个段落,然后分别用“At the beginning”和“then” “After the homework has been discussed”为信号,解说整个课堂的授课流程。


第二种:转折式结构(出现转折词或相应表达,把思路逆转)


如剑6 Test 2 Passage 1 Section B(出现转折词)


In the UK, travel times to work had been stable for at least six centuries, with people avoiding situations that required them to spend more than half an hour travelling to work. Trains and cars initially allowed people to live at GREater distances without taking longer to reach their destination. However, public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl,causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher.


分析:此段属于典型的转折式结构,用“However”作为信号词,把思路逆转,转折后的内容为本段的重点内容。


再如剑6 Test 4 Passage 1 Paragraph E(出现相应表达把思路逆转)


But the sales push rarely stops in the office. The flashy brochures and pamphlets left by the sales reps are often followed up with meals at expensive restaurants, meetings in warm and sunny places, and an inundation of promotional gadgets. Rarely do patients watch a doctor write with a pen that isn’t emblazoned with a drug’s name, or see a nurse use a tablet not bearing a pharmaceutical company’s logo. Millions of dollars are spent by pharmaceutical companies on promotional products like coffee mugs…Money well spent? It’s hard to tell. ‘I’ve been the recipient of golf balls from one company and I use them, but it doesn’t make me prescribe their medicine,’ says one doctor. ’I tend to think I’m not influenced by what they give me.’


分析:此段也属于典型的转折式结构,但段落中并未出现明显的转折词,而是用“Money well spent? It’s hard to tell.”作为信号,通过意义上的转折,把思路逆转,转折后的内容为本段的重点内容。


第三种:并列结构(附加新的信息,即信息之间为并列关系)


如剑6 Test 4 Passage 3 Paragraph B


Bullying is clearly unpleasant, and can make the child experiencing it feel unworthy and depressed. In extreme cases it can even lead to suicide, though this is thankfully rare. Victimized pupils are more likely to experience difficulties with interpersonal relationships as adults, while children who persistently bully are more likely to grow up to be physically violent, and convinced of anti-social offences.


分析:此段属于典型的并列式结构,段落中的三句话分别用“make”、“lead to”、“be more likely to”从不同方面讲解bullying对孩子的影响,属于并列信息。这种段落结构考生只要根据信息之间的共同点来归纳段落大意即可。


第四种:分总式结构


如剑6 Test 4 Passage 1 C段


Selling pharmaceuticals is a daily exercise in ethical judgment. Salespeople like Schaefer walk the line between the common prACTice of buying a prospect’stime with a free meal, and bribing doctors to prescribe their drugs. They work n an industry highly criticized for its sales and marketing prACTices, but find themselves in the middle of the age-old chicken-or-egg question – business won’t use strategies that don’t work, so are doctors to blame for the escalating extravagance of pharmaceutical marketing? Or is it the industry’s responsibility to decide the boundaries?

分析:此段属于典型的分总式结构,段落前面部分讲了很多信息,但在后面部分用信号词“so”做了归纳总结,而归纳总结的内容才是本段最重要的内容。


还有总分总  分总分 基本都可以归类为第一种和第四种。只要找到关键的逻辑词,就可以帮助我们判断段落结构类型,然后明确段落结构类型之后,就知道那句是主题句和中心意思,那么做题就更加快准了


有时候我们不仅要知道段落结构类型,而且还要知道文章结构类型,帮助我们在读题之后快速定位,进一步节约我们时间。


具体的文章结构类型:


I. 介绍说明类的文章


这一类文章通常是对某个事物或现象进行的客观描述或介绍,一般考生可以通过其标题来进行判断。具体的结构如下:


i. Introduce an object or a fACT


ii. Detailed descriptions


iii. Significance


无论什么文章,首段通常都是引出主题,用客观描述性的语言来介绍,或者从背景部分切入,之后便是对该事物的具体展开描述了:事情的发展顺序,某个东西的具体特征介绍等等;最后结尾部分通常对该事物所带来了意义进行说明。如剑桥5T1P1 Johnson’s Dictionary, 在前三段交代完约翰逊字典出现的背景后,中间部分侧重交代字典的准备过程和具体的特征介绍,最后的部分描述了该字典给那个时代的社会,国家以及Johnson本人带来的重大意义。


II. 问题解决类的文章


关于问题解决类的文章,在雅思阅读中出现的频率很高,而且具体的结构相对更加固定,其结构如下:


i. Introduce a phenomenon or a problem


ii. Causes


iii. Effects


iv. Measures or future


这一类的文章倾向的是介绍一些消极负面的环境自然类问题,警惕世人引起大家的关注,因此它的几个构成要素也跟明确。同样先引出主题,之后对该现象进行原因分析,影响分析(通常是负面的影响),鉴于严重的消极影响该采取的相应措施被提出,但如果有的问题暂时没有对策,还有待解决,作者就寄希望于未来。


当你对这种文章类型烂熟于心的时候,当碰到剑桥5T4P1的list of headings就能迅速又准确得解答出来。该文章一共10段,分成section A, B, C, 对应的考题是list of headings, 即找出三个小标题分别给A, B, C三个部分。按考试标准时间只有4-5分钟,但考生却要读完整篇文章10段才能解答出三道题,时间上和效率上都是很难达到要求的。这时,大家可以考虑用文章的结构来解题。该文章的标题是The ImpACT of Wilderness Tourism, 不难发现该文章是在描述野外旅游给环境带来的负面影响。于是按照上面的具体结构,考生就能快速抓住文章的要点,即原因,影响及措施。题目给出的6个选项中大家能快速的发现这三个选项:


ii. How local communities can balance their own needs with the demands of wilderness tourism.

iii. Fragile regions and the reasons for the expansion of tourism there.


v. Some of the disruptive effects of wilderness tourism.


最后按原因,影响,措施的顺序进行排序即可。


III. 实验结果类的文章


第三类文章的具体结构是最为固定的,毕竟实验的过程还是讲究顺序的,如下:


i. Introduce an experiment and its purpose


ii. Subject, methods


iii. Process


iv. Result


v. Analysis


vi. Conclusion


实验类的文章必定先介绍实验的目的,具体受试者和相关要素,然后进入实验的具体过程,最后到最关键的部分,就是对数据的描述和分析,从而得出结论。剑桥真题系列上的是实验类文章几乎都是这样固定的结构。如剑桥5T1P2 Nature or Nurture? 通过阅读每段的首句不难梳理出全篇文章的结构:A段引出实验并介绍实验的目的。B段介绍实验的受试者和相关的准备信息。C段是实验的具体过程。D和E段是数据结果(一个是期望的结果,一个是实际的结果)。FGH三段分别从不同的角度来分析这些结果。最后一段I得出结论. 、


还有剑桥5,Test 3的第一篇Early Childhood Education 这一篇典型的实验研究类文章通过对于文章各段的大致浏览,考生可以了解到文章主要是讲述Headstart 及 Missouri 两个实验。开始描述了实验的目的及实验主体;紧接着介绍了两个实验的具体进程;之后是实验的结果及相关的结论。在了解了文章的大致行文结构之后,对于考生的解题也是有相当的帮助的。特别是考生比较头疼的“段落信息包含题”,即文章1-4的Which paragraph contains the following information? 拿其中的第4题举个例子,‘a description of the positive outcomes of an education programme’, 题目当中既然出现了‘outcomes’这样的词,那么根据正常行文的结构,一定是出现在文章的最后部分的。


再如剑桥5 test 3 passage 3中,命题是:how AI might have a military impACT. 根据该文章的标题:The Return o f Artificial Intelligence可知,关于命题中AI在军事上的影响应该放在靠后的段落进行说明,那么你的选择范围至少缩小的一半。若没有针对性的全篇覆盖,即使做出题,也是严重超时。


所以无论是段落结构和文章结构都是非常重要的,只有读懂了文章机构和段落结构,才叫真正抓到了文章的灵魂。在平时我们就要注意训练我们这样的读书方法,用一种全局观念去分析文章,才能真正提高我们的阅读水平。而且在考试中也更加如鱼得水。


编辑推荐阅读:List of Headings题解题方法


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