托福写作要讲究的地方很多,在新托福写作中经常会有要求描述看法或者事件的题目,这时必不可少的要加一些例子来证明自己的观点,下面托福写作真经就来讲讲该如何能用好。
如动物→鸟类,现代交通方式→飞机,上面的举例是最简单的形式,即对单个词/短语,或说单个对象举例。我们在独立写作中会遇到对单个对象的举例,这也是大家都能做好的;但我们更常遇到的是需要对一个句子,或说多个对象互相联系而串成的观点举例的情况,这时我们就需要留意我们所举的例子的有效性了。
托福写作举例的基本原则:
a. 细节性原则----细于被举例者。
b. 一致性原则----良好体现与要用举例证明的观点的一致对应关系,观点中的重点信息应在例子中不多不少地体现。
新托福写作真经介绍的举例的具体操作方法:
粗举,细举,引调查,列数字。
(1)粗例----粗犷的例子
“粗例”即一类人、物或事,或一个公认事实的例子,说白了就是多数人都能认可的信息。寻找这类例子的时候比较轻松,只要在观点中找出可以继续细化的重点信息然后"narrow
down"就可以了。
观点1: Employers are willing to pay a premium for highly qualified
applicants.
粗例1: International companies desire bilingual employees and offer higher
salaries to attrACT them.
“粗例”可以建立“面”对“线”的关系,但需要注意不能太空洞,同时也要控制使用的量;粗例子需要搭配因果分析、比较论证来使用,才能使整个段落更有血肉。
(2)细例----细致的例子
“细例”就是具体到一个人、一个物,或一件事,可以是实际存在的,也可以无中生有。这类例子使托福写作更加鲜活,更有说服力,通常也能占据更长一些的篇幅,平时有意识地积累并灵活联系,写起这类例子来才会更加得心应手。
a. 实际存在的,一方面,这类例子可以是身边,家人、朋友、自己和身边发生的一些事情;另一方面就是名人和一些被报道出来的“名事”了
观点2: Mistakes serve as vivid, sometimes painful deterrents from certain
ACTion.
细例2: A friend of mine suffering from smoking-induced lung disease would
remember the emotional and physical pain associated with the side-effects of
tobacco usage. Not only does he recall the smell of hospitals, the imprint of
pain on the face of someone who died from smoking, but he would also link these
memories immediately with cigarettes.
观点3: You cannot judge a person only by his or her appearance.
细例3: Susan Boyle is one of those. Such an appearance has long been rumored,
but her incredible voice and stunning performance on BGT has won her GREat
popularity.
b. 此外,"细例"的无中生有就是假设论证,常用if,supposing等开头。
观点4: Individuals play a significant role in alleviating traffic
congestion.
细例4: If 30 people get on a public bus instead of 30 individual cars, there
will be far fewer automobiles on the road, GREatly easing the traffic
burden.
通过上面新托福写作真经的介绍相信大家对于如何使用例子都有了解了,新托福写作中例子不是一摆就完事的,大家还需要简化提炼,这样才能让自己的托福写作文章显得有档次。
接下来是一篇例证的范文:
Some people like to keep records or experiences by exposing photos on
social networking sites. Others do not like to create such records. Which way do
you prefer?
If there is one word that best describes the modern world, that word would
undoubtedly be “ technology “. The world technology is creeping into everybody’s
daily life unconsciously. One of the GREatest innovations in this century is
Facebook launched by Mark Zuckerburg, providing a convenient platform on which
people could freely exchange ideas and share their pictures. However, due to the
large volume of data collected about users, the service’s privacy has faced
doubt and suspicion among critics. As far as I am concerned, the drawbacks of
this sharing method outweigh its counterparts.
To begin with, those pictures could exert negative influences on
adolescents. Adolescence is a transitional and immature stage of physical and
psychological development, a stage that could be readily and deeply affected by
outside world. For example; many Facebook users, especially adolescents,
displays references to alcohol and substance use on their Facebook profiles. One
study of alcohol displays on underage college Facebook users found that 35
percent participant profiles displayed alcohol. This trend continues to increase
dramatically. One of critics claimed that sometimes, those teenagers posted such
pictures just to look cool, but in fACT it led to imitation and even frenzy
among friends. In addition, a piece of striking news made on the front page is
that a girl from Taiwan posted her Porsche car, hundreds of luxury shoes, and
even a private jet plane on her homepage. Then, after a week, thousands of
photos about luxury brands, private boats, and decent villas appear on the
Instagram. Form these examples we see photos shape false values for
teenagers.
In addition, exposed phones might bring unintended consequence. By
statistic, most of network profiles are set ‘‘ visible to public’’ meaning
anyone can access the profiles that users have updated. Once those pictures and
photos are targeted by harming users, these would put people at a higher risk of
being stalked and then raped or even killed. The RANN ( the rape , Abuse and
Incest National Network ) has released a report that there are millions stalking
each year in America. Of course, one in four reported experiencing cyber
stalking. What’ worse, due to safety holes,some sex offenders always find a way
to access to picture of young children; stalk them by hints photos left and then
committed crimes at last. Thus, it is parent’s responsibility that stops
uploading life pictures about children’s for their protection.
Assuming above, although keeping records might leave an unforgettable
memory, posting photos with geographic information would not only definitely
make strangers aware of their location, and thus leads to unpredictable risks
for users, but also mold false values among teenagers.