新SAT写作难点剖析
【摘要】新SAT写作改革之后,essay的考试形式发生了巨大的改变,就考生的阅读能力、分析能力、和写作能力进行全面考察。本文中,我就新SAT写作的写作难点,即考生最难突破的分析部分,进行解析,目的在于提醒考生在写作中仅仅指出作者用了什么手法是不够的,更为重要的是需要去分析说明为什么这个手法起作用和如何起作用。
新SAT写作在改革之后,改成了针对议论文和演讲的评论性写作。考生需要先阅读一篇文章,再就文章的内容进行分析,分析文章的写作手法,最后再写成文章。评分规则分为三个维度,即第一,对阅读文章的理解程度和转述(1-4分);第二,对于文章所采用的写作手法的分析(1-4分);第三,写作水平(1-4分)。阅读文章来源于欧美报刊杂志上的观点性文章和欧美著名社会人士的演讲,长度是650字到750字之间,难度大约是美国高中生12年纪所阅读的文章难度。
就现在教学的学生反馈来看,来参加SAT培训的学生,托福一般都已经过了80分大关,学员由于都在备考托福的时候学习过标准的英文学术写作的格式和规范,阅读和理解文章基本不会存在太大问题,所以现在他们所主要存在的最大问题是在于分析。
新SAT写作要求考生主要去分析所给文章的写作手法,即作者用了什么样的证据、论证逻辑和修辞手法来论证自己的观点。议论文常用的证据包括:引用他人话语、引用研究成果、数据、例子等等;而论证逻辑常见的有因果论证,正反论证等;而最后一个是大部分中国学生所最不熟悉的修辞手法,这包括排比、比喻、反问或设问、典故、夸张、措辞等等。在了解这些修辞手法之后,学员们结合自己从语文课上学到的中文修辞手法,能够很快的消化理解这些手法,但是他们最难处理的是分析这些手法在此处的功能是什么,为什么起作用,如何起作用。
在新SAT写作的评分规则中明确指出,如果考生只是单纯的指出了作者用了什么手法来进行论证,但却没有分析这些手法是如何起作用的,那么在分析维度,考生只能拿到2分的分数。官方给的2分分析分数是这样描述的 “Identifies & attempts to describe the author's use of evidence, reasoning, and/or stylistic and persuasive elements, and/or features of the students' own choosing, but merely asserts rather than explains their importance. Or one or more aspects of the response's analysis are unwarranted.” 而3分的评分是这样的“complete Evaluation of the author’s use of evidence, reasoning, and/or stylistic and persuasive elements, and/or features chosen by the student。要达到四分的分析分数,必须是thorough evaluation。也就是说如果是透彻的合情合理的分析,那么考生的分数会是4分,如果只是简要的分析,那么就是3分。
我们以下面这篇文章为例:这篇文章来自于官方给的一篇对于“Digital parent trap”的文章的分析。
Firstly, Eliana Dockterman starts off the argument by paralleling a series of statistics to remind the reader of the pervasive uses of technology tools among teens. “By all measures, this generation of American kids is the tech-savvist in history: 27% of them use tablets, 43% use smartphones, and 52& use laptops.” To further drive home to the reader the overwhelming phenomenon, Dockterman says “more than 80% of U.S. school districts say they are on the cusp of incorporating Web-enabled tablets into everyday curriculums.” Besides, in clarifying both the demerits and merits of the tech use, the author cites sufficient examples. For examples, in conveying the cognitive benefits of tech use, the author cites a study by SRI, “kids who played games like Samorost (solving puzzles) did 12% better on logic tests than those who did not… to an improvement in the quality of their history-class reports.” By citing examples, the author grants the argument a sense of credibility and authenticity. With regards to popular social phenomena, people would all have a vague impression, but only specific numbers and examples are able to disperse the readers’ confusion about which side to take. The author offers a lot of statistical evidence and detailed instances to appeals to logical thinking and objective judgment.
此段210字中,只有两句话是在分析evidence的功能和为什么起到这样的功能,而在前面引用的多处中,并没有详细的分析到底为什么数据和例子起到增加说服力的作用。所以考官认为,这篇文章的分析维度最多只是complete,而非thorough。而真正在分析这个维度能拿到满分4分的分析是这样的。下面这个例子来自于College Board 官方发布的一篇文章Let there be dark 的分析范文。
Bogard starts his article off by recounting a personal story – a summer spent on a Minnesota lake where there was “woods so dark that [his] hands disappeared before [his] eyes.” In telling this brief anecdote, Bogard challenges the audience to remember a time where they could fully amass themselves in natural darkness void of artificial light. By drawing in his readers with a personal encounter about night darkness, the author means to establish the potential for beauty, glamour, and awe-inspiring mystery that genuine darkness can possess. He builds his argument for the preservation of natural darkness by reminiscing for his readers a first-hand encounter that proves the “irreplaceable value of darkness.” This anecdote provides a baseline of sorts for readers to find credence with the author’s claims.
此篇范文中,加粗的部分都是对于文章中使用了personal anecdote 的分析,作者分析到由于personal anecdote,使得读者回忆起自己曾经置身于全都是黑暗且没有人造光线的时候,由于使读者亲身经历了这样的美好,同时唤起读者对于黑暗美好的向往。
两篇范文的对比中给我们备考者的启事也就是,如果要在新SAT写作之中拿到分析维度的4分,考生必须要透彻的分析这个写作手法在其出处所起的功能及功能是如何且为什么起作用的,而非仅仅只是指出作者用了什么手法。
更多SAT学习内容请关注:SAT
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【摘要】新SAT写作改革之后,essay的考试形式发生了巨大的改变,就考生的阅读能力、分析能力、和写作能力进行全面考察。本文中,我就新SAT写作的写作难点,即考生最难突破的分析部分,进行解析,目的在于提醒考生在写作中仅仅指出作者用了什么手法是不够的,更为重要的是需要去分析说明为什么这个手法起作用和如何起作用。
新SAT写作在改革之后,改成了针对议论文和演讲的评论性写作。考生需要先阅读一篇文章,再就文章的内容进行分析,分析文章的写作手法,最后再写成文章。评分规则分为三个维度,即第一,对阅读文章的理解程度和转述(1-4分);第二,对于文章所采用的写作手法的分析(1-4分);第三,写作水平(1-4分)。阅读文章来源于欧美报刊杂志上的观点性文章和欧美著名社会人士的演讲,长度是650字到750字之间,难度大约是美国高中生12年纪所阅读的文章难度。
就现在教学的学生反馈来看,来参加SAT培训的学生,托福一般都已经过了80分大关,学员由于都在备考托福的时候学习过标准的英文学术写作的格式和规范,阅读和理解文章基本不会存在太大问题,所以现在他们所主要存在的最大问题是在于分析。
新SAT写作要求考生主要去分析所给文章的写作手法,即作者用了什么样的证据、论证逻辑和修辞手法来论证自己的观点。议论文常用的证据包括:引用他人话语、引用研究成果、数据、例子等等;而论证逻辑常见的有因果论证,正反论证等;而最后一个是大部分中国学生所最不熟悉的修辞手法,这包括排比、比喻、反问或设问、典故、夸张、措辞等等。在了解这些修辞手法之后,学员们结合自己从语文课上学到的中文修辞手法,能够很快的消化理解这些手法,但是他们最难处理的是分析这些手法在此处的功能是什么,为什么起作用,如何起作用。
在新SAT写作的评分规则中明确指出,如果考生只是单纯的指出了作者用了什么手法来进行论证,但却没有分析这些手法是如何起作用的,那么在分析维度,考生只能拿到2分的分数。官方给的2分分析分数是这样描述的 “Identifies & attempts to describe the author's use of evidence, reasoning, and/or stylistic and persuasive elements, and/or features of the students' own choosing, but merely asserts rather than explains their importance. Or one or more aspects of the response's analysis are unwarranted.” 而3分的评分是这样的“complete Evaluation of the author’s use of evidence, reasoning, and/or stylistic and persuasive elements, and/or features chosen by the student。要达到四分的分析分数,必须是thorough evaluation。也就是说如果是透彻的合情合理的分析,那么考生的分数会是4分,如果只是简要的分析,那么就是3分。
我们以下面这篇文章为例:这篇文章来自于官方给的一篇对于“Digital parent trap”的文章的分析。
Firstly, Eliana Dockterman starts off the argument by paralleling a series of statistics to remind the reader of the pervasive uses of technology tools among teens. “By all measures, this generation of American kids is the tech-savvist in history: 27% of them use tablets, 43% use smartphones, and 52& use laptops.” To further drive home to the reader the overwhelming phenomenon, Dockterman says “more than 80% of U.S. school districts say they are on the cusp of incorporating Web-enabled tablets into everyday curriculums.” Besides, in clarifying both the demerits and merits of the tech use, the author cites sufficient examples. For examples, in conveying the cognitive benefits of tech use, the author cites a study by SRI, “kids who played games like Samorost (solving puzzles) did 12% better on logic tests than those who did not… to an improvement in the quality of their history-class reports.” By citing examples, the author grants the argument a sense of credibility and authenticity. With regards to popular social phenomena, people would all have a vague impression, but only specific numbers and examples are able to disperse the readers’ confusion about which side to take. The author offers a lot of statistical evidence and detailed instances to appeals to logical thinking and objective judgment.
此段210字中,只有两句话是在分析evidence的功能和为什么起到这样的功能,而在前面引用的多处中,并没有详细的分析到底为什么数据和例子起到增加说服力的作用。所以考官认为,这篇文章的分析维度最多只是complete,而非thorough。而真正在分析这个维度能拿到满分4分的分析是这样的。下面这个例子来自于College Board 官方发布的一篇文章Let there be dark 的分析范文。
Bogard starts his article off by recounting a personal story – a summer spent on a Minnesota lake where there was “woods so dark that [his] hands disappeared before [his] eyes.” In telling this brief anecdote, Bogard challenges the audience to remember a time where they could fully amass themselves in natural darkness void of artificial light. By drawing in his readers with a personal encounter about night darkness, the author means to establish the potential for beauty, glamour, and awe-inspiring mystery that genuine darkness can possess. He builds his argument for the preservation of natural darkness by reminiscing for his readers a first-hand encounter that proves the “irreplaceable value of darkness.” This anecdote provides a baseline of sorts for readers to find credence with the author’s claims.
此篇范文中,加粗的部分都是对于文章中使用了personal anecdote 的分析,作者分析到由于personal anecdote,使得读者回忆起自己曾经置身于全都是黑暗且没有人造光线的时候,由于使读者亲身经历了这样的美好,同时唤起读者对于黑暗美好的向往。
两篇范文的对比中给我们备考者的启事也就是,如果要在新SAT写作之中拿到分析维度的4分,考生必须要透彻的分析这个写作手法在其出处所起的功能及功能是如何且为什么起作用的,而非仅仅只是指出作者用了什么手法。
更多SAT学习内容请关注:SAT